Over the course of this past term, an interest in volcanoes
emerged and progressively developed. The initial spark has gone on to influence our curriculum
provision and spontaneous learning at Mairtown Kindergarten. The experiences I
have shared with tamariki over this period have been so enjoyable, and valuable,
for me as a kaiako; and I would love to share aspects of our shared exploration with
you!
It all started when I sat with a group of tamariki one afternoon, on our outside deck. We were looking through a book about dinosaurs together, and
I noticed that much of the interest and many of the questions came from the
pages which featured volcanoes. “What is lava made of?”, I was asked. We
talked about melted rock, whole rocks, and gases, and how hot the lava would be
to actually melt rocks “Have you ever seen a rock melt?” I asked. No one
had, and we wondered how hot the middle of the earth must be for tht to happen! “I think we
might need to find a book!” I said, and the journey began!
Since that day, the
involvement of individual tamariki with volcano related learning has varied. Some
have greeted me enthusiastically each day with requests to continue with more
activities, while others have come in and out of the various aspects of learning
which have captured their interest; but across the span of the term, many of our tamariki
have increased their understanding of volcanoes in some way.
In
our library, we discovered the book ‘Volcanoes and Earthquakes’. Over a period
of weeks, this book has been pored over, with tamariki discovering and discussing a
range of interesting facts. We have learned about different types of volcanoes, where lava
comes from and what it is made up of, the connection between volcanoes and
earthquakes, historical events connected with volcanoes such as Vesuvius and
Pompeii, and deities (or ‘Lava Monsters’ as they were popularly described!)
which are understood by different cultures to influence volcanic activity –
including the Māori atua, Rūaumoko, who since the separation of Papatūānuku and Ranginui, is understood to remain, growing and moving,
inside Papatūānuku’s puku. As tamariki looked at the various images of deities
on the page, I was asked, “Why do they look so angry?” We talked about
how volcanoes and earthquakes cause destruction, and people can be hurt by
them, so maybe that is why their expressions/images are often associated with fear and angry feelings.
Many artworks were spontaneously created by tamariki,
either individually or collaboratively, as they sat looking through the pages and talking together. I
have loved the stories which have accompanied these artworks, which indicate
the thinking processes occurring alongside the brushstrokes.
“See, the silly lava is shooting up and all of the grass is dying!”, said one painter, with
their co-artist adding, “Sienna did
it and me did it. I did the ash clouds. This is a volcano and lava comes out”
“What are you painting?”, I asked when I came across the artists collaborating on the above artwork. “Volcanoes!”, was the reply, “my sister is
going to be really scared when it is blasting eh!”, “Yeah and my sister
too, she will be freaked eh!” his e hoa said. “and this is the lava
monster in the lava cave”, as he pointed to part of the painting
“This
is a volcano”, Leo said as he showed me his painting. “The lava is spitting out this way and that
way. The lava came out when the volcano erupted”.Different tamariki have shown particular interest in
different topics; but the burial of the city of Pompeii and its residents by
the eruption of Mt Vesuvius was consistently the focus of many conversations; and led to discussions
about our own maunga, Mt Parihaka, which is a remaining remnant of an ancient
volcanic ring. I shared some of our
conversations with whānau, in case tamariki expressed concerns at home. From my discussions with whānau, I learned more about the funds of knowledge held and shared within the homes of these tamariki, and came to understand more about the familiarity and interest with the
topic these tamariki showed, and the understandings they brought to our group discussions.
Because
a number of our tamariki showed an interest in this topic, we introduced a new
pukapuka o te wiki, ‘Battle of the Mountains’, by Peter Gossage. This
pūrakau describes a battle between four volcanoes, Tongariro, Tauhara, Putauaki
and Taranaki; who all love the beautiful maunga Pihanga. The aftermath of
the battle led to the eventual locations of the respective maunga, and the formation of some geographical
features of the mid North Island. This pūrakau also appeared to strike a chord with tamariki.
At the back of the pukapuka, there are templates enabling models of the maunga to
be created. I printed some off for tamariki to use, and these have continued to
be a popular resource. I have observed tamariki repeatedly come and spend time
looking through the pages of the pūrakau and colouring in the various maunga
templates.
As
they engaged in this mahi together, I began to hear comments indicating what tamariki were noticing,
such as while Taranaki and Tongariro hurled big rocks at each other, it was the
smaller maunga Tauhara and Putauaki who used lava as their weapon in the
battle. Over a period of time, tamariki moved from colouring the templates, to
creating their own maunga within blank circles, and then began to expand beyond
the confines of the circles as lava became a feature, flowing down the slopes
and across the ground, or exploding into the air. Lava features were created and positioned, in order to emerge from the craters of their maunga. Maunga were also combined and glued
onto backing paper, becoming scenes described within further imaginative
stories!
“The lava is coming out because the
volcano is angry. The volcano is exploding because it is angry, because it has
a sore tummy that is full of lava. There is purple lava and black lava and
orange lava. My house got covered in the lava for a long time ago and we built
a new white house because the old white house got covered in lava so the
builders made the new house far far far away over there from the volcano so it
couldn’t get covered in the lava!” (Leo)
I
have loved the way tamariki have interacted with their maunga as they have
developed them, and the way that particular features of individual maunga have captured their
individual attention and preferences.
“I’m
doing Ruapehu”, Riley told me, and Lucy added “This is Ngarahoe!” “Do
you remember that in the pūrakau, they are the children of Tongariro and Pihanga?” I
asked. “Wow”, said Riley with a smile “Lucy, we are the children!”
Progressively, tamariki have moved from block colouring the templates, to
focusing on specific features, the emotions depicted, or the characters and
their role in the pūrakau. As tamariki began to create their own illustrations
and features on blank circles, aspects of their mahi were pointed out to me, such as “Look,
Anne, I have done lava eyes!” Technical skills and confidence have also
visibly grown, as tamariki have constructed the maunga from the 2 dimensional image; cutting out the images created using an increasingly competent scissor grip,
and fixing edges in place with glue or sellotape.
I decided I would create maunga
with the templates myself, as illustrated in the pukapuka, to use as a resource
in storytelling with the pukapuka. I sat at the picnic table on the lawn as I
coloured, so I could work while watching tamariki play. My notebook was open
beside me; and coming to sit beside me and taking up a pen, Kaia began to draw his
own picture on one of the pages. He worked really intently, and when I looked across,
I could see that he was in fact, drawing Putauaki, the maunga I was colouring! Kaia's drawing had clearly captured the essence of Putauaki, and his sense of battle
anger, by carefully replicating the koru within his eyes and the shape of his
mouth. Even without the remaining features of the template, the character was beautifully
interpreted.
ICS learning centre (2013),
explains drawing enables children to share experiences and thoughts, imagine
and explore ideas, focus and concentrate, and observational drawing is a part
of meaningful and authentic early childhood art education. Children’s
engagement with drawing strengthens memory and helps develop fine motor skills
and spatial understanding.
Using the maunga and pukapuka together, tamariki have
been able to recreate the pūrakau independently, alone or collaboratively – and
sometimes with the addition of their own maunga characters in the storytelling.
We have also used the white board in combination with the maunga at
storytelling time, which has assisting in adding a little geographical context
for tamariki.
During
this period of time, a real volcano began erupting on La Palma Island in the
Canary Islands. I have had the opportunity to watch many news feed videos of
this event with a number of tamariki, on my iPod. At different times we have
seen footage of the lava; exploding into the air, flowing down the slopes,
covering houses, and filling a swimming pool as it moved onwards to the sea. I believe
I have also seen some of the observations I have shared with tamariki have later
been reimagined in their artworks, constructions and within their storytelling too.
When
I first looked at a video with Owen, he jumped up from the sofa, saying “Just
wait there, I have to do something!” He walked quickly to the painting
easels, got a piece of paper and rapidly painted an orange artwork. He then carefully carried his painting back to the sofa to show me, saying “Look,
this is the force of lava!”
Another day, Owen again asked if we could look at the volcano. I found a recent news video and we watched it together, along with an e hoa. The two e hoa then moved the art table and easel,
drawing and painting. “Look at my map”, one of them said to me, holding up a picture. “Wow, that looks to me like it tells a story”, I replied, “Can
you tell me what it is about?” “When the lava blasted from the volcano –
the Parihaka, here is the crater”, he explained, “It was red, and it
came around my house; and it was force lava and I stood in it, and it was
really hot! Owen’s house is here, and it is trashed. It’s on fire with blue
flames. The lava is coming over the road and it is coming into the water. The
water starts here, this is the Whangarei falls, and it goes here down the river!”
The working theories tamariki have been formulating and
developing as they have engaged with this information in different ways, have
also been explored in the play of tamariki; especially as they have used Duplo,
Lego, our big blocks and during sandpit play. These physical role plays and imaginative
re-creations have further supported their sharing of knowledge and ideas within
spontaneous play.
Hargraves
explains the concept of working
theories celebrates children’s unique ways of thinking and inquiring. Working theories are the way in which children draw on and apply the ideas and understandings
they accumulate from their personal and social experiences, in order to make
sense of their world. Children create
working theories as they explore their routines and interests, improving and extending them through repetition over
time. Claxton (1990), adds that
learning can be seen as a gradual process of editing and improving a series of
minitheories, using them to interpret new information and experiences and
gradually improving them to become more useful and effective, more
comprehensive and appropriate, and more connected together.
Examples of this interactive play include:
I
came across a ‘destruction’ in the process of being created on our inside whāriki, created by tamariki
using both large and small blocks. As they clambered around and over their
‘rubble’ they explained to me “It’s an earthquake, and there is lava and
fire. This is a volcano, and we are the rescuers!” You indicated to me
where the lava was flowing, and as, unlike you, I was not wearing the right safety
equipment, I was careful to avoid this area as you continued with your
important mahi. Eventually this destruction used up every block in the space, and some were even layered to form 'plates', which were then disrupted by further earthquake activity.
A Volcano at the Adventure Park was created
one day with the Lego, and had a story that went with it – this story was about people who
really did take a risk; by building a tower and putting up a giant slide on the
side of a volcano that turned out not to be extinct after all – I hope no one
was stuck at the top of that slide when the lava blocks started to flow around
and down that slide!
Arriving
to spend a little time at the sandpit one day, I found what looked like a group of
tamariki involved in a major project together. The water was being piped,
dammed and released, and piles of sand were being created. “We are making
volcanoes!” Reuben told me. Elijah added,“The lava is coming out
because the volcano is erupting”. “Why is it erupting?” I asked, and Leo replied,
“Because the lava is coming up inside it!” I was then warned, “Don’t touch
the lava, your hand will get cooked!” Another tama came close, observing
the blocking of the crater pipe, and he was also told, “Don’t touch, cos it will
be really hot when the lava gets out!” Once the pipe was sealed off with
sand, Leo ‘planted’ a puka leaf forward of the blocked pipe, explaining as he
worked, “Look, here is my tree, and when the lava pumps out of the volcano
it will burn down the tree and it will fall down!” Elijah added, "This tree, it is alive now" The tamariki all watched
eagerly as the pressure built up in the blocked pipe until the water pushed though the
sand crust, flowing through the spot where the puka leaf was standing and
knocking it flat! "Oh no! Look, the tree is dying because the lava has come on it and there's an explosion and real fire and the tree is all burned!" Elijah commentated. There was so much excitement from everyone as they watched
the event play out, then quickly they were all back at work, starting the
process over again – science exploration in action!Te Whāriki (2019) suggests that in an empowering environment, children have agency to create and act on their own ideas, developing knowledge and skills in areas that interest them.
There
have also been opportunities to be involved in the ‘creation’ of eruptions.
During our August lockdown, I offered whānau an online learning provocation,
with instructions for the creation of a citrus volcano. And then, just before
the current lockdown brought our term to an early close, I noticed there were a
number of tamariki in our environment with energy to burn. I suggested that if
a giant volcano was built in the sandpit, I could find the necessary
ingredients for lava! Very quickly the spades were at work, and a maunga was
formed. We found a suitable container and used it to create a crater the right
size. Then everyone had to use all their patient muscles to keep that maunga
with its crater intact while I fetched the baking powder, dye, dishing up
liquid and hot water. A little preparation and we were good to go! Everyone was
so excited as the steaming red lava poured down the maunga – and keen to get
involved with the eruption. Leo was right beside me with his pot lid, ready to
cap it off if things got out of control! Once the jug was empty, I removed the
crater container, and tamariki began interacting with the aftermath of the
eruption – touching and handling the sand soaked by the hot lava, and using it
to refill the crater. It was a great way to have some fun while further
exploring working theories around volcanic events.
The
University of Toronto (2017) tells us, Research consistently points to
several common elements that are characteristic of the way that young children
learn. First and foremost, we know that children use play as a medium for
exploring and manipulating their physical environment. What is also evident is
the fact that the integration of new knowledge is best assured when children
are actively engaged and when learning experiences align with their interests,
individual strengths and learning styles. Emergent curriculum is based on the
premise that children are most successful at learning when curriculum
experiences account for their interests, strengths, needs, and lived realities.
emergent curriculum is never built on children’s interests alone; teachers and
parents also have interests worth bringing into the curriculum. The values and
concerns of all the adults involved help the classroom culture evolve.
Mā mua ka kite a muri, mā muri ka ora
a mua
Those who lead give sight to those
who follow, those who follow give life to those who lead
Ma te wa,
Anne
